Differences in brain structure indicate risk for developing Alzheimer's disease

"We know, primarily from postmortem studies, that changes characteristic of Alzheimer's disease can be present in the brains of cognitively normal people," says Dr. Brad Dickerson, of the MGH department of neurology, lead author of the paper. "But since it takes a long time to follow people through initial symptom development to eventual diagnosis, how that process occurs has received very little study. We used what we know about the signature brain changes seen in patients with Alzheimer's dementia, measured those areas in individuals with no symptoms and eventually determined that those who ultimately developed dementia showed subtle shrinking long before they had any symptoms."

"The MR measurements could be very important indicators to help identify who may be at risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia. If a drug therapy or treatment is developed in the future, those who are still without symptoms but at great risk would benefit the most from treatment," said Leyla deToledo-Morrell, PhD, senior author of the paper and professor in the department of neurological sciences at Rush University Medical Center.

Participants in this study, men and women in their 70s with similar levels of education, were enrolled in two long-term research investigations of brain changes in older individuals, one based at Rush and the other at MGH. Upon entering the studies, participants had a comprehensive clinical examination, neuropsychological evaluation including memory testing, and brain MR imaging. At annual follow-up visits, each was reassessed to determine whether they were cognitively normal or if they had mild cognitive impairment or probable Alzheimer's dementia.

The Neurology study analyzed data from participants who were cognitively normal at the outset and had at least four follow-up visits – a group that totaled 50 participants who remained cognitively normal at the end of the study period, and 15 who had developed Alzheimer's over an average time span of about nine years. In both study groups, the baseline MR images revealed that areas of the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's in previous studies tended to be thinner in participants who went on to develop dementia.

Among those in whom these signature brain areas were the thinnest, 55 percent developed dementia during the study period, compared with 20 percent of those with average cortical thickness and none of those in whom cortical thickness was above average. Participants with the thinnest cortical areas also developed Alzheimer's significantly faster than those with average thickness.

"Comparing the data from the Chicago and Boston sites showed very similar results," said deToledo-Morrell. "Pulling together the data from both sites makes the findings that much stronger."

Adds Dickerson, who is an associate professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, "We believe these MR measurements can be powerful markers of the pattern of brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and are investigating their use in several ways, including assessing dementia risk in asymptomatic individuals. Our current results are preliminary and are not ready to be applied outside of research studies, but we are optimistic that this marker will be useful in guiding clinical care in the future."

Provided by Rush University Medical Center