New method offers potential for uncovering how cancer begins

At Baylor College of Medicine, scientists have developed a method that allows them to accurately determine the genes expressed in single cells. Among other applications, this technique can be useful to study how cancerous tumors begin, which could lead to better treatments, diagnosis and prevention in the future. The study appears in Nature Methods.

"Cancer begins with only a few cells changing their gene expression profile from one of normal cells to one of potentially cancerous cells after the cells acquire the driver mutations or genomic variations," said senior author Dr. Chenghang Zong, assistant professor of molecular and human genetics and a McNair Scholar at Baylor. "We thought that if we could have an accurate method for determining gene expression in single cells, we would have a window into examining the early events in cancer progression."

"We wanted to solve a problem of how to measure things that come in very small numbers," said first author Kuanwei Sheng, graduate student in the Zong lab. "The existing methods available were only 50 percent efficient at detecting gene expression in single cells. Our goal was to increase the sensitivity so we could increase the accuracy of single cell analysis."

A method that increases the accuracy of single-cell analysis also can help scientists better understand how cells work in tissues or organs of the body or in tumors. It would be like having the ability to discriminate single voices in a choir and determine single contributions to the whole.

"In a group of normal cells of the same type, say cells of the pancreas, some cells express certain genes while neighboring cells may express other genes in response to the information the cells receive from their environment," Zong said. "Having a method that could detect subtle differences in the genes expressed among single cells would reveal how single cells behave and enhance our understanding of the intricacies of organ function."

Improving the chemistry brings results

"We introduced new chemistry to modify the existing single cell technology to make it more sensitive," Sheng said. "This strategy reduced the technical noise significantly and increased the sensitivity to 90 percent from 50 percent in the detection of all of the expressed genes in a single cell."

"We tested the new, more sensitive technique, called MATQ-seq, in various systems," Zong said. "One of the things we found is that a lot of genes are expressed at low levels, especially those called master regulators, which control the expression of large number of other genes."

The researchers are now applying their new method to more biological systems to try to uncover more details of the inner workings of the living cell.