For children with cochlear implants, oral communication may provide better outcomes (Update)
In a new, multisite study of deaf children with cochlear implants, UT Dallas researchers have found that children with either no exposure or limited exposure to sign language end up with better auditory, speaking and reading skills later. The paper is one of the first nationwide longitudinal studies of how sign language exposure affects young cochlear implant recipients.
The topic of whether children with cochlear implants should begin their communication experience with sign language has been controversial. However, Dr. Andrea Warner-Czyz, assistant professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS) and co-author of the study, said the research clarifies outcomes for such decisions.
"If you want your deaf child to be an oral communicator and have reading and language measures on par with their normal hearing peers, then signing to them may not provide the easiest route to that outcome," she said.
The study recently was published in the journal Pediatrics.
A cochlear implant is a biomedical device surgically implanted in the cochlea to replace the function of the damaged inner ear. The Food and Drug Administration has approved cochlear implantation for children with severe to profound hearing loss as young as 1-year-old.
Dr. Ann Geers, a BBS research scientist who was the lead author of the study, said a major question for normal hearing parents and the professionals who work with pediatric cochlear implant users is whether spoken language skills are best developed by focusing on the auditory speech signal or whether early exposure to an unambiguous visual language provides an important foundation for learning a spoken language.
To determine the answer, Geers, Warner-Czyz and researchers from six cochlear implant centers across the U.S. studied about 100 elementary-age children who had cochlear implants. The children, like 95 percent of all children born with hearing loss, had parents with normal hearing. The children either had early exposure to sign language that continued more than two years after the implantation, early sign language exposure that stopped before two years post-implant, or had no sign language exposure.
Each year, the researchers looked at how the children performed in the areas of speech perception, speech intelligibility, language and reading. The study showed that the children who continued to sign after two years of having a cochlear implant had poorer outcomes across all communication domains, particularly compared to those who didn't sign at all.
"This study provides the most compelling support yet available for the benefits of listening and spoken language input for promoting verbal development in children implanted by 3 years of age," Geers said. "Contrary to earlier published assertions, there was no advantage to parents' use of sign language. This result affirms the decision of many hearing parents who choose not to use sign language when their child receives a cochlear implant."
The researchers said the study's findings should be a powerful counseling tool for families, especially those whose native language is spoken rather than signed.
"A lot of these families think that once their child receives a cochlear implant, then that's it. But there's a lot of work that goes into getting these kids with the successful outcomes—some of which has to do with how you use spoken language gt vto communicate with your child," Warner-Czyz said.
Team Develops New Hearing Assessment Protocols
A research team co-led by Dr. Andrea Warner-Czyz, a UT Dallas assistant professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, recently unveiled a new set of protocols for assessing children with hearing loss—a tool the team hopes will become the industry standard among audiology professionals.
In a recent paper, Warner-Czyz and two other lead authors collaborated with a nationwide working group of clinicians and researchers to create the Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery (PMSTB). Adoption of the new protocols will allow greater consistency of assessment methods across research laboratories, clinical sites and even among professionals in the same clinics.
The PMSTB protocols are designed to evaluate speech discrimination for infants and word or sentence recognition for children with hearing loss using technology such as hearing aids or cochlear implants before entering school.
Warner-Czyz said a standardized assessment protocol can facilitate continuity of care, assist in clinical decision-making and allow benchmarking.
"In addition, we hope this standardized battery of tests will provide a foundation on which a database registry of children with hearing loss can be created," she said.
The PMSTB working group consisted of 56 academic, clinical, research and industry professionals—all with pediatric audiology experience—from across the United States. Warner-Czyz was a co-chair of the group and one of the three lead authors of its report. The other lead authors were Dr. Kristin Uhler from the University of Colorado, Denver and Dr. Rene Gifford from Vanderbilt University.
