Our muscles measure the time of day

Biological clocks throughout the body trigger the release of the hormone melatonin during sleep, induce the secretion of digestive enzymes at lunchtime or keep us awake at the busiest moments of the day. A "master clock" in the brain synchronises all the subsidiary ones in various organs. Researchers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, together with international colleagues, have found that such a circadian clock is at work in the muscles. Their research shows that perturbations of this machinery might be important in the development of type 2 diabetes. Their work has just been published in PNAS.

The researchers discovered that levels of fat (lipids) contained in muscle cells vary during the day, sometimes favouring one kind of lipid over another. Could a biological clock be at play? The international team has tested the hypothesis with volunteer subjects. They synchronised every subject's master clock by asking them to adhere to a daily eating and sleeping routine one week prior to the experiment. Every four hours, researchers would take a very small sample of thigh muscle tissue and analyse its lipid composition.

The team observed a clear correlation between the muscle cell's lipid composition and the time of day, explains Howard Riezman from the Biochemistry Department of the Faculty of Sciences, UNIGE, who co-directed the study. "As the combination of lipids varied substantially from one individual to another, we needed further evidence to corroborate these findings," he explains.

In a second step, the researchers switched to an in-vitro experiment. They cultivated human muscle cells and artificially synchronised them in the absence of a master clock, using a signal molecule normally secreted in the body. The researchers observed a periodic variation in the cell's lipid composition, similar to what they noticed in human subjects. But when they disrupted the clock mechanism by inhibiting the responsible genes, the periodically changing variations in the lipids were mostly lost.

Diabetes and sleep disorders are linked

"We have clearly shown that this variation of lipid types in our muscles is due to our circadian rhythm," explains first author Ursula Loizides-Mangold from UNIGE. "But the main question is still to be answered: What is this mechanism for?" Riezman thinks that the biological clock in the muscle, with its impact on the lipids, could help in regulating the cells' sensitivity to insulin. Indeed, lipids, as a component of the cell membrane, influence the molecules' ability to travel into and out of the muscle cells. Changes in its composition could tune the muscle's sensitivity to insulin as well as its ability to take in blood sugar.

A low sensitivity of the muscle to insulin leads to a condition called insulin resistance, which is known to be a cause of type 2 diabetes. "Studies strongly suggest a link between circadian clocks, insulin resistance and diabetes development," explains Charna Dibner, the co-director of the study. "If we establish a link between circadian mechanisms and type 2 diabetes via lipid metabolism, this could have important therapeutic implications. Thanks to our new tools for studying human muscle cellular clocks in vitro, we now have the possibility to investigate this hypothesis in our next study."