Higher risk of infectious disease with both high and low HDL cholesterol

The so-called good cholesterol, HDL, is associated with infectious disease, new research from the University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital shows.

Most people recognize that there is a relationship between cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease. But new research from Copenhagen University Hospital and University of Copenhagen shows that a certain kind of cholesterol might affect our health differently, through a role in the immune system. The concentration of HDL cholesterol, which is often called the "good" cholesterol, seems to matter with respect to acquiring infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis or pneumonia.

"Surprisingly, we found that individuals with both low and high HDL cholesterol had high risk of hospitalization with an infectious disease. Perhaps more importantly, these same groups of individuals had high risk of dying from infectious disease," explains professor and chief physician Børge Nordestgaard of the University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital.

The results were based on data from 100,000 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study who were followed for more than six years using national Danish health registries, and have just been published in the highest ranking journal within cardiovascular disease—European Heart Journal.

Possible role in the immune system

"Numerous studies in animals and cells indicate that HDL is of importance for the function of the immune system and thereby the susceptibility to infectious disease, but this study is the first to examine if HDL is associated with the risk of infectious disease among individuals from the general population," explains Ph.D. student and physician Christian Medom Madsen from University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital.

The authors cannot conclude based on this study that very low or very high HDL is the direct cause of the increased risk of infectious disease, but conversely, they cannot rule out a direct causal relationship either, as data from the genetic part of the study indicates that this might be the case. "Our findings indicate that, in the future, research into the role and function of HDL should not narrowly focus on cardiovascular disease, but rather focus on the role of HDL in other disease areas, such as infectious disease," says Børge Nordestgaard.

Facts

• The 21 percent of the population with the lowest concentrations of HDL cholesterol and the 8 percent of the population with the highest concentrations of HDL cholesterol had high risk of infectious disease.
• Individuals with very low HDL cholesterol had a 75 percent higher risk of infectious disease as compared to the reference group and the risk was 43 percent higher in those with very high HDL cholesterol.