Testing new cancer treatment which could banish chemotherapy

Current treatment for head and neck cancer can have debilitating side-effects, but new research combining robotics, nanoparticles, ultrasound and lasers could treat it without chemo- or radiotherapy.

Dr. James McLaughlan, a University Academic Fellow in the faculties of Engineering and Medicine and Health, is leading the research programme.

He said a successful outcome to the work could reduce the need for traditional therapies. It would free up the large multidisciplinary teams of medical professionals needed to carry them out to support other patients or more complex cases.

Dr. McLaughlan, who has received an EPSRC-UKRI Innovation Fellowship for his research, said: "Our study sets out to develop a new prototype treatment system that could improve diagnosis and therapy for head and neck cancers, whilst also significantly lowering costs within the NHS by reducing the need for highly-trained surgical teams.

"Uniquely, it combines nanoparticles targeted to cancer cells with laser illumination and ultrasound, and a waterproof robotic system that has been developed in conjunction with a UK manufacturer, ST Robotics."

Using bubbles to target cancer cells

He said: "It's possible to manufacture nanoscale metallic particles that attach to cancerous cells. Once they have attached, the treatment system is able to activate the particles by exposing them to simultaneous ultrasound and laser illumination, which causes bubbles to form around the nanoparticles.

"When the bubbles burst, they emit a clear ultrasound signal that can be detected using a standard ultrasound imaging system."

This approach offers real-time visualisation of the cancerous areas, which can then be immediately treated by thermal ablation, a procedure that involves using heat to remove tissue.

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), a method already in clinical use for treating cancers such as liver and prostate, is used to achieve thermal ablation during the procedure.

Dr. McLaughlan continued: "When the bubbles pop, I can detect where they are. This allows me to pinpoint the cancer sites very accurately. Then, using the same system, I'm able to destroy the cancer, essentially cooking it with thermal ablation using HIFU, which is enhanced by the presence of those bubbles.

"The third part to this approach is incorporating the robotic system. This allows automation of the scanning and ablation.

"The waterproof robotic arm will enable semi-autonomous treatment of head and neck cancer. This apparatus is submerged in a water tank to allow patients to comfortably lie on a treatment bed with a small opening to allow for contact with the water.

"Having the system submerged in the water allows the imaging/therapy system to move around the area of interest in the patient without any direct physical contact.

"The ultimate idea is that instead of a complicated procedure requiring lots of medical professionals, it could be done by a single person monitoring the procedure. This would only be possible due to the unique combination of targeted nanoparticles, light, sound and robotics."

Backing Dr. McLaughlan's work, Dr. Maggie Wilson, Joint Head of Building Leadership at the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, said his proposal brought together a multi-disciplinary team, and bridged two of the council's priority areas, leading-edge healthcare and medicines, and robotics and artificial intelligence systems.

Dr. Wilson said: "The research is a good example of how engineering and technology can be utilised to improve healthcare provision, brings together industry and academia and will improve the supply of skilled researchers needed to build on the UK's existing strengths and translate exciting discoveries and research through to commercial success and long-term benefits for the entire country."