Food insecurity raised risk for disordered eating in low-income adolescents

Food insecurity is a significant problem for adolescents. Little research, however, has focused on members of this age group and its influences on their well-being and development. To learn more, University of Minnesota School of Public Health (SPH) researchers examined the relationship between household food insecurity and both disordered eating behaviors and weight status among adolescents. The study was led by SPH Ph.D. student Laura Hooper and recently published in the journal Public Health Nutrition.

Researchers collected data from adolescents from ethnically diverse and largely low socioeconomic backgrounds who could be at risk for food insecurity. Individuals from low socioeconomic, as well as minority racial and ethnic groups, are already known to be at risk for eating disorders and being overweight.

The adolescents were participants in the school's long-running Project EAT (Eating and Activity over Time) study, which tracks the health and well-being of adolescents into adulthood.

The study found that among the adolescents surveyed:

• 39% experienced household food insecurity;
• 43% reported disordered eating;
• 40% were overweight;
• household food insecurity was associated with greater use of disordered eating behaviors and higher prevalence of overweight;
• when the researchers accounted for socioeconomic status and ethnicity or race, food insecurity was associated with higher prevalence of disordered eating behaviors, but not being overweight.

"We controlled for socioeconomic status and race or ethnicity in our analyses because we wanted to understand whether food insecurity—above and beyond these factors—increases the risk for being overweight and disordered eating," said Hooper.

Hooper's accounting of those factors revealed that while food insecurity can contribute to someone being overweight, it poses particular risk for the development of disordered eating.

Ask adolescents

"It is important to view youth most affected by food insecurity—youth from low socioeconomic status backgrounds, youth from ethnically diverse backgrounds, and youth living in food deserts—as their own experts in this area," said Hooper. "They have a unique understanding of barriers they face to adopting nutritionally adequate, balanced, healthful eating patterns because they navigate the associated challenges on a daily basis. Future research should engage these young people and seek input directly from them."

Hooper adds that health care providers and youth-serving organizations should be aware that disordered eating, food insecurity, and being overweight are prevalent problems in youth that can occur together and may exacerbate one another.

Hooper's next study will use the same cohort of participants to look at the long-term health effects of household food insecurity. She'll examine if experiencing food insecurity during adolescent years is related to disordered eating behaviors and weight status in people eight years later who are entering adulthood.