New survey shines light on racial disparities persisting in COVID-19 vaccination

A new public health survey reveals critical information regarding the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine messaging and public policies on individual perception and behaviors in the United States.

The authors, led by Colorado School of Public Health faculty member Katherine Dickinson, were particularly interested in how structural racism impacts belief in vaccine safety. Deserai Crow and Meng Li, faculty at the University of Colorado Denver, and Courtney Welton-Mitchell, faculty at the Colorado School of Public Health, also collaborated on the study.

"The pandemic has continued to reveal troubling racial health inequities in the United States. We already know Black and Hispanic communities have been more likely than their white and Asian counterparts to be exposed to COVID-19 and we wanted to continue to monitor how these structural inequities impacted vaccination rates," said Dickinson, Ph.D., MS, assistant professor at the Colorado School of Public Health on the University of Colorado Anschutz Medial Campus.

The survey had nearly 1,350 participants nationwide and is the third survey in a series led by the Risk and Social Policy Group, a coalition of scholars from public policy, communication, public health, psychology, political science, economics and other fields. Each of the surveys examines drivers and impediments to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the country.

This third survey was completed in June 2021, when most respondents 60 and over had been vaccinated. However, differences in uptake and belief persisted across racial groups.

Among respondents under 60, 67 percent of Hispanics were vaccinated by June compared to 63 percent of whites and 54 percent of Blacks. Lower vaccination rates among Black respondents appear to be linked to lower trust in vaccine safety and in the medical system more generally, due to structural racism in medicine and beyond.

In the first wave of the survey conducted in January and February, the researchers found a staggering 45 point gap between Black and white respondents in agreement with the statement, "People of my race are treated fairly in a healthcare setting." Only 22 percent of Black respondents agreed, compared to 67 percent of Whites.  By the third survey wave in June, 66 percent of respondents who did not think their race was treated fairly had gotten vaccinated, compared to 84 percent of those who thought their race was treated fairly.

Also troubling: nearly 80 percent of Asian and white respondents said they'd be willing to get a vaccine booster, compared to 53 percent of Black and 59 percent of Hispanic respondents. This is similar to the nearly 20 percent gap in vaccine safety beliefs, with 78 percent of white respondents believing the COVID-19 vaccine is safe compared to 66 percent of Hispanic and 58 percent of Black respondents.

"As public health professional and policy makers, we need to acknowledge and confront the legacy of medical and structural racism if we're going to continue making progress, particularly in the face of more infectious variants," added Dickinson. 

The survey also looked at whether hypothetical incentives, such as lotteries, gift cards, and event tickets, would encourage unvaccinated respondents to get the shot. The results showed that the effectiveness of incentives varied considerably depending on what types of rewards were offered (a $100 cash award was most influential), and a majority of unvaccinated respondents said they would not get the vaccine regardless of which enticement was provided.