Dartmouth neuroscientist finds free will has neural basis

I still don't know whether an individual cell is considered by physicists to be a closed system.

Now that I understand more about basic intermolecular interactions, the answer to the "cell as a closed system question" is extremely relevant.

So-called "closed systems" in physics are "ideal" concepts used for teaching & modeling purposes. The only possible truly closed system is the universe as a whole.

So-called "closed systems" in physics are "ideal" concepts used for teaching & modeling purposes. The only possible truly closed system is the universe as a whole.

FINALLY. Blah, Blah, Blah,,,

Any molecule that is part of the cell wall will share thermodynamic transfer with any molecule outside of the cell wall that it has contact with.

The only possible truly closed system is the universe as a whole.

The existence of cells is a biological fact!

Shall I forget about incorporating physics?

I think that means physicists can continue to embrace the complexity of the universe,,,,,,,

,,,,,,,,and biologists can continue to embrace the complexities of the cell using the same concepts -- but without coming to an agreement about cause and effect in the context of adaptive evolution.

Biologists can't agree on adaptive evolution, there seems to still be those few that think it "should" be the prevailing view.[\q]

Well said! What I would like to do is address the entropy of the universe in the context of the complexity of cell biology, which enables nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled (? reversed ?) entropy and de novo protein synthesis.

Is the reversal of entropy required for individual organism survival and speciation across an evolutionary continuum? Protein biosynthesis seems an unlikely outcome of the vibrational force of random molecular motion manifested as heat, which may pull two strands of DNA apart. Is there a model that links the heat to protein biosynthesis?

How is the 2nd law of thermodynamics represented or misrepresented in that context? If it merely comes down to open or closed ideal systems, there may be room for discussion of what is ideally required for adaptive evolution in a physical universe where cells have obviously appeared.

The existence of cells is a biological fact!

And so is the mutation rate of DNA polymerase and so is the genotype-phenotype link and so is the observation of genotypic mutations that lead to altered enzymes that lead to altered traits.

I hope you're having fun in your fantasy land where smell is the only sense involved in predation and enzyme active site modifications resulting from codon mutations don't exist. Ever heard of the SOS response?

Natural selection for what? How does an organism select a mutation? Is there a model for that? I'm fed up with the lies, damned lies, and statistics of selection that has automagically occurred.

Is the reversal of entropy required,,,,, for individual organism survival and speciation across an evolutionary continuum?

How is the 2nd law of thermodynamics represented or misrepresented in that context?

If it merely comes down to open or closed ideal systems,,,,

FINALLY. Blah, Blah, Blah,,,

A Blah posted under any username is still a Blah.

Natural selection for what? How does an organism select a mutation? Is there a model for that?

By the way... what's that other private college in town? That's where nephews friend is studying astrophysics...

Nephew is studying neuro bio at UNC. His friend from NZ is studying AP at a private college nearby. Don't remember the name of it. (Been 6 months since he told me and I am over 50...)

Natural selection for what? How does an organism select a mutation? Is there a model for that?

"Natural" selection.... Yes there is a very good model of it, "The Origin of Species", which has been expanded upon by many great biologists and molecular biologists through the years...I knew that from high school.

I will cite you if you wish - even as (Personal communication)