New study finds dengue fever costing nearly $40 million in US territory of Puerto Rico
As public health experts warn that the spread of dengue fever could prove more costly globally and cause more sickness than even malaria, a new report published today in the May issue of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene finds each year dengue is inflicting a US$ 37.8 million burden on Puerto Rico and that every $1 invested in traditional surveillance and prevention could save $5 in costs of illness.
The study by researchers at Brandeis University's Schneider Institutes for Health Policy is the first to look at who bears the cost – across households, governments, employers and insurance companies and how much – when dengue strikes. Overall, households accounted for almost half of the costs of the disease, with government paying for 24 percent, insurance companies 22 percent, and employers seven percent.
Known as "break-bone fever" for its capacity to cause excruciating joint pain, the disease, which is transmitted by a bite from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, broke out in the Florida Keys in 2010 and currently threatens nearly three billion people worldwide.
"People generally think of dengue as a disease of poor countries; the fact that we found it to be a major burden in a US territory -- and because it recently has cropped up on the US mainland -- is a reminder that mosquito-borne illnesses can present an equal opportunity threat," said Donald Shepard, PhD, a co-author of the paper.
Worldwide dengue infects 100 to 200 million people each year and causes 20,000 deaths. Many public health experts believe the true burden of dengue is understated given the dramatic growth in urban areas where dengue-infected mosquitoes thrive. Appropriate treatment, particularly for the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever, is critical to recovery.
Shepard and his colleagues focused on Puerto Rico because it is an area within the United States with substantial dengue transmission. In 2010, Puerto Rico experienced its largest outbreak ever of dengue with 22,648 cases reported for an incidence rate of 57 per 10,000 people. However, the availability of treatment has limited dengue-related fatalities in Puerto Rico, with deaths averaging about 16 per year.
The Brandeis team focused mainly on the costs of treating and coping with the disease. Researchers conducted extensive reviews of patient records and in-depth interviews with families about how the disease affected their lives. For example, they found that a case of dengue caused more missed days at work than an influenza case.
The study was funded through a contract with vaccine maker Sanofi Pasteur, which has a dengue vaccine in late stage clinical development. However, the company was not involved in the actual research or in preparing the study for publication.
In an editorial accompanying the study, Duane Gubler, ScD, a dengue fever expert with the Duke University-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School and the former chief of the Dengue Branch at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, praised the research for providing a concrete portrait of dengue's economic impact. Gubler believes dengue is "likely more important than malaria globally in terms of morbidity and economic impact." But he noted that while many prior studies have considered economic effects, prior to the Puerto Rico analysis none had provided "comprehensive data on the actual costs of dengue disease."
"This research documents the other side of dengue, the devastatingly high dollar amount paid by US families and local government," said James W. Kazura, MD, President of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, which publishes the journal, and director of the Center for Global Health and Diseases at Case Western Reserve University. "The type of data provided by this study is essential for policymakers to make evidence-based decisions on public health tools such as disease surveillance and mosquito control campaigns so that we can reduce this economic burden."
For example, the Brandeis team found that "because the cost of illness is five times the cost of surveillance and control," spending more to control mosquito populations could save $5 for each additional dollar invested. And the study concludes that with federal funding now covering 62 percent of Puerto Rico public health costs, "sound investments related to dengue would benefit not only residents of Puerto Rico but all taxpayers throughout the United States."
