Study finds important differences in monkeypox symptoms between current and previous outbreaks

A study published by The BMJ today identifies important differences in symptoms between the current outbreak of monkeypox and previous outbreaks in endemic regions.

The findings are based on 197 confirmed monkeypox cases at an infectious disease center in London between May and July 2022.

Some of the common symptoms they describe, including rectal pain and penile swelling (edema), differ from those described in previous outbreaks.

As such, the researchers recommend that clinicians consider monkeypox infection in patients presenting with these symptoms. And they say those with confirmed monkeypox infection who have extensive penile lesions or severe rectal pain "should be considered for ongoing review or inpatient management."

According to government data, as of 18 July 2022, there were 2,137 confirmed cases of monkeypox in the UK. Of these, 2,050 were in England and almost three quarters (73%) were in London.

All 197 participants in this study were men (average age 38 years), of whom 196 identified as gay, bisexual, or other men who have sex with men.

All patients presented with lesions on their skin or mucosal membranes, most commonly on the genitals or in the perianal area.

Most (86%) of patients reported systemic illness (affecting the entire body). The most common systemic symptoms were fever (62%), swollen lymph nodes (58%), and muscle aches and pain (32%).

And in contrast with existing case reports suggesting that systemic symptoms precede skin lesions, 38% of patients developed systemic symptoms after the onset of mucocutaneous lesions, while 14% presented with lesions without systemic features.

A total of 71 patients reported rectal pain, 33 sore throat, and 31 penile edema, while 27 had oral lesions, 22 had a solitary lesion, and 9 had swollen tonsils.

The authors note that solitary lesions and swollen tonsils were not previously known to be typical features of monkeypox infection, and could be mistaken for other conditions.

Just over a third (36%) of participants also had HIV infection and 32% of those screened for sexually transmitted infections had a sexually transmitted infection.

Overall, 20 (10%) of participants were admitted to hospital for the management of symptoms, most commonly rectal pain and penile swelling. However, no deaths were reported and no patients required intensive hospital care.

Only one participant had recently traveled to an endemic region, confirming ongoing transmission within the UK, and only a quarter of patients had had known contact with someone with confirmed monkeypox infection, raising the possibility of transmission by people with no or very few symptoms.

The authors acknowledge some limitations, such as the observational nature of the findings, the potential variability of clinical record keeping, and the fact that the data are limited to a single center.

However, they say these findings confirm the ongoing unprecedented community transmission of monkeypox virus seen in the UK and many other non-endemic countries among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men .

The authors write, "Understanding these findings will have major implications for contact tracing, public health advice, and ongoing infection control and isolation measures."

They call for continued research to inform infection control and isolation policies and guide the development of new diagnostics, treatments, and preventive measures.