Job strain and overtime predict heart disease and mortality

Therefore, psychosocial work environment and the hours exposed to stressful work are important indicators of the health and well-being in employed populations. Job strain and overtime are also associated with unhealthy behaviours, weight gain and obesity, albeit the associations are inconsistent [5]. The importance of the association between working conditions and heart disease is highlighted, since modern working life is characterized by work overload, job insecurity, and other psychosocial stressors [6]. Physical demands have, in turn, diminished, but heavy physical workload and environmental exposures are still a hazard to many employees all over Europe.

The associations between job strain and coronary heart diseases and their risk factors have been studied for several decades, and numerous original studies, reviews, meta-analyses and books have been published e.g. [7, 8]. Indirect and direct psychosocial pathways to coronary heart disease have been presented, but the mechanisms that explain the associations are complex and still unclear. Nevertheless, the importance of one's social and work environment to health has been long recognized and can be traced back even to antiquity. Indeed, occupational health can be said to play a key role in the health of our society. While Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine, Italian Bernardino Ramazzini is often noticed as a father of occupational medicine. He emphasized that it was important to ask patients what their job was, and further continue by enquiring details about the nature of their occupation. His most well-known book is focused on diseases of workers: ("De Morbis Artificum Diatriba", 1700/1713).

However, it needs to be noted that employed people are generally better off, and being in employment is both important and positive for most people, while those out of workforce, unemployed, and disability retirees have poorer health [9, 10]. In other words, 'healthy workers' effect' means that those who work generally have better health than those who don't work. In jobs where employees have high control to meet demands, there are good opportunities for learning, applying better resources, and engagement [11-14]. The opposite situation, is that of jobs with high demands and burnout as a result of excessive psychological workload over longer periods of time, with patient's loss of self-esteem and cynicism.

It is also of note that while organisational changes and interventions may be needed to improve working conditions (for example, to rotate shifts in an optimal way and decrease overtime), interventions at the individual level are also needed [15, 16]. In other words, personal characteristics affect the way employees' perceive their work environment. A job that can be a considered as a positive challenge to one person may be stressful to another. It is therefore important to help employees to cope with stressful, busy, and uncertain job situations.

Finally, as the British author, philosopher, and mathematician Bertrand Russell wrote in his book "The Conquest of Happiness" (1930): "If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important".

More information: References

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Provided by European Society of Cardiology