Diet is associated with the risk of depression

A healthy diet may reduce the risk of severe depression, according to a prospective follow-up study of more than 2,000 men conducted at the University of Eastern Finland. In addition, weight loss in the context of a lifestyle intervention was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms.

"The study reinforces the hypothesis that a healthy diet has potential not only in the warding off of depression, but also in its prevention," says Ms Anu Ruusunen, MSc, who presented the results in her doctoral thesis in the field of nutritional epidemiology.

Depressed individuals often have a poor quality of diet and decreased intake of nutrients. However, it has been unclear whether the diet and the intake of foods and nutrients are associated with the risk of depression in healthy individuals.

Those following a healthy diet are less at risk

A healthy diet characterized by vegetables, fruits, berries, whole-grains, poultry, fish and low-fat cheese was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms and a lower risk of depression during the follow-up period.

Increased intake of folate was also associated with a decreased risk of depression. Vegetables, fruits, berries, whole-grains, meat and liver are the most important dietary sources of folate. In addition, increased was non-linearly associated with a decreased risk of depression.

In addition, participation in a three-year study improved depression scores with no specific group effect. Furthermore, a reduction in the body weight was associated with a greater reduction in depressive symptoms.

Junk food, sugar and processed meats may increase depressive symptoms

Adherence to an unhealthy diet characterized by a high consumption of sausages, , sugar-containing desserts and snacks, , manufactured foods, French rolls and baked or processed potatoes was associated with an increased prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms.

Contrary to some earlier observations, vitamin B12 intake, serum concentrations of n-3 PUFAs, serum ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs, tea drinking and total caffeine intake were not related to the risk of depression in this study.

The study was based on the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. The participants, over 2,000 middle-aged or older Finnish men were followed-up for an average of 13

More information: Ruusunen A, Voutilainen S, Karhunen L, Lehto SM, Tolmunen T, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, Lindström J. How does lifestyle intervention affect the depressive symptoms? Results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabet Med 2012;29: e126-e132.

Ruusunen A, Virtanen J, Lehto S, Tolmunen T, Kauhanen J, Voutilainen S. Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids are not associated with the risk of severe depression in middle-aged Finnish men: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Eur J Nutr. 2011;50:89-96.

Ruusunen A, Lehto S, Tolmunen T, Mursu J, Kaplan GA, Voutilainen S. Coffee consumption and the risk of severe depression in middle-aged Eastern Finnish men. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:1215-20.

Tolmunen T, Hintikka J, Ruusunen A, Voutilainen S, Tanskanen A, Valkonen V-P, Viinamäki H, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Dietary folate and the risk of depression in Finnish middle-aged men. A prospective follow-up study. Psychother Psychosom. 2004;73:334-9. IF:7.2

Ruusunen, Anu. Diet and depression. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland. Dissertations in Health Sciences 2013; no 185.
ISSN: 1798-5714
ISBN: 978-952-61-1201-5
epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_i … n_978-952-61-1201-5/

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