Gene-editing technique offers hope for hereditary diseases
For thousands of women around the globe carrying a mitochondrial disease, having a healthy child can be a gamble. This set of diseases affect mitochondria, tiny powerhouses that generate energy in the body's cells and are passed exclusively from mother to child.
Women wishing to prevent their children from inheriting mitochondrial diseases have typically relied on preimplantation genetic diagnosis to pick the healthiest embryos, but that is no guarantee of having a healthy baby.
Now, researchers at Salk Institute have developed a simple technique to eliminate mitochondrial mutations from eggs or early embryos, which has the potential to prevent babies from inheriting mitochondrial diseases. Their approach is described in the April 23, 2015 issue of Cell.
"Currently, there are no treatments for mitochondrial diseases," says senior author Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, professor in Salk's Gene Expression Laboratory and holder of the Roger Guillemin Chair. "Our technology may offer new hope for mitochondrial disease carriers wishing to have children without the disease."
Living cells can have hundreds—or even thousands—of mitochondria, each of which contains their own DNA, a small collection of 37 genes that are essential for the organelle's function. Mutations in these crucial genes can cause a wide range of diseases and can lead to fatality at birth, a life expectancy of only a few years or devastating symptoms for decades.
"Most current approaches are trying to develop treatments for patients who are already suffering from these diseases," says Alejandro Ocampo, a research associate in Izpisua Belmonte's lab and one of the first authors of the paper. "Instead, we thought of preventing the transmission of these mutations early in development."
Izpisua Belmonte and his colleagues turned to two types of molecules: restriction endonucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). These nucleases can be engineered to cut specific strands of DNA, functioning as a type of molecular "scissors." The Salk team designed nucleases to cut only mitochondrial DNA that contained specific, disease-causing mutations in eggs or embryos, leaving healthy mitochondria intact.
"We might not be able to eliminate one hundred percent of the mutated copies of mitochondrial DNA," says Pradeep Reddy, another research associate in the Izpisua Belmonte lab and first author of the new paper. "But you don't need to eliminate all of the mutated copies: just reducing the percentage significantly enough can prevent the disease in the next generation."
As proof of concept, the scientists, using mice containing two types of mitochondrial DNA, selectively prevented the transmission of one of the types to the next generation using specific nucleases in both eggs and one-cell embryos. Baby mice generated by this approach developed normally to adulthood. In addition, this method let the researchers successfully reduce the levels of mutated mitochondrial DNA responsible for two human mitochondrial diseases.
In the United Kingdom, lawmakers have recently approved the use of another technology known as mitochondrial replacement to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases. This technology is based on the transfer of the nuclear genome from one patient's embryo into donor embryos with healthy mitochondria. "The clinical application of our technique does not require donor eggs," says Ocampo. "We are just performing a single injection into the patient's egg or one-cell embryo, which is technically easier than mitochondrial replacement."
Izpisua Belmonte and colleagues are now investigating the possibility of translating this technology to the clinic in human eggs and embryos.
