Restoring vision by gene therapy

Restoring vision by gene therapy
Three-component system: Antibodies (blue), gold nanorod (gold) and heat-sensitive channel (structure in the membrane; below the antibody-gold nanorod-conjugate). Credit: Dasha Nelidova / Institute of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalamogy Basel (IOB)

Humans rely dominantly on their eyesight. Losing vision means inability to read, recognize faces or find objects. Macular degeneration is one of the major causes of visual impairment around the globe; close to 200 million people are affected. Photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for capturing the light coming from the environment. Diseased photoreceptors lose their sensitivity to light, which can lead to impaired vision or even complete blindness. Scientists of the Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), together with colleagues from the German Primate Center (DPZ) - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research in Göttingen, have developed a completely new therapeutic approach based on gene therapy. They managed to activate degenerated photoreceptors using near-infrared light. The research is published in the journal Science.

During the progression of degenerative photoreceptor diseases, light-sensitive and light-insensitive regions in the retina coexist. For example, patients lose vision in the central portion of their retina, but retain peripheral eyesight.

Scientists have now succeeded in developing a new therapeutic approach to restore light sensitivity in degenerating retina without negatively affecting remaining vision. They were inspired by species such as bats and snakes that can localize near- emitted by the bodies of their preys. This is done by using heat-sensitive ion channels that are able to detect the heat of the near-infrared light. This enables the bats and snakes to superimpose thermal and in the brain and thus react to their environment with greater precision.

To equip retinal photoreceptors with near-infrared sensitivity, the researchers devised a three-component system. The first component contains engineered DNA that ensures that the gene coding for the heat-sensitive channel is only expressed in photoreceptors. The second component is a gold nanorod, a small particle that efficiently absorbs near-infrared light. The third component is an antibody that ensures strong binding between the heat-sensitive channel expressed in photoreceptors and the gold nanorods that locally capture near-infrared light and locally release heat.

The researchers first tested their system in engineered mice with retinal degeneration, confirming that near-infrared light effectively excites photoreceptors and that this signal is transmitted to retinal ganglion cells, the latter representing the output of the retina towards higher visual centers in the brain. Next, they showed that stimulating the mouse eye with near-infrared light is also picked up by neurons in a brain area that is important for conscious vision, the primary visual cortex. They also designed a behavioral test in which untreated blind mice were not able to use near-infrared stimulation to learn a simple task whereas blind mice treated with the three-component system could perform the task related to near-infrared stimulus.

In collaboration with Arnold Szabo, a co-author of the paper and assistant professor at the Semmelweis University in Hungary, the researchers could test their new approach on human retinas kept alive in a culture medium for months, though blindness sets in a day or so after death as photoreceptors lose their ability to detect light. Experimental results showed that following treatment with the three-component method, near-infrared exposures reactivated the human retina's visual circuitry.

"We believe that stimulation is an important step toward providing useful vision to blind patients so that they can regain their ability to read or see faces", says Daniel Hillier, head of the junior research group Visual Circuits and Repair at DPZ. "We want to give hope to blind people with these findings and will further intensify our research activities in this area here at DPZ within our main project, which focuses on the restoration of ."

More information: "Restoring light sensitivity using tunable near-infrared sensors" Science (2020). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aaz5887

Journal information: Science
Provided by Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ)/German Primate Center
Citation: Restoring vision by gene therapy (2020, June 4) retrieved 19 March 2024 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-vision-gene-therapy.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

Explore further

Researchers pinpoint potential new therapeutic target for eye disease

595 shares

Feedback to editors