New AI can detect early osteoarthritis from X-ray images

Researchers from the University of Jyväskylä and the Central Finland Health Care District have developed an AI-based neural network to detect an early knee osteoarthritis from X-ray images. AI was able to match doctors' diagnoses in 87% of cases. The result is important because X-rays are the primary diagnostic method for early knee osteoarthritis. An early diagnosis can save the patient from unnecessary examinations, treatments and even knee joint replacement surgery.

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint-related ailment globally. In Finland alone, it causes as many as 600,000 medical visits every year. It has been estimated to cost the national economy up to 1 billion euros every year.

The new AI-based method was trained to detect a radiological feature predictive of osteoarthritis from X-rays. The finding is currently not included in diagnostic criteria, but orthopedic specialists consider it an early sign of osteoarthritis. The method was developed in Digital Health Intelligence Lab at the University of Jyväskylä as a part of the AI Hub Central Finland project. It utilizes neural network technologies that are widely used globally.

"The aim of the project was to train the AI to recognize an early feature of osteoarthritis from an X-ray. Something that experienced doctors can visually distinguish from the image, but cannot be done automatically," explains Anri Patron, the researcher responsible for the development of the method.

In practice, the AI tries to detect whether there is spiking on the tibial tubercles in the knee joint or not. Tibial spiking can be a sign of osteoarthritis.

Researchers evaluated the reliability of the method together with specialists from the Central Finland Healthcare District.

"Around 700 X-ray images were used in developing the AI model, after which the model was validated with around 200 X-ray images. The model managed to make an estimate of the spiking that was congruent with a doctors' estimate in 87% of the cases, which is a promising result," Patron describes.

AI can support early diagnosis of osteoarthritis in primary health care

Docent Sami Äyrämö, Head of the Digital Health Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Jyväskylä, explains that the development of AI models diagnosing early osteoarthritis is active globally.

"Several AI models have previously been developed to detect knee osteoarthritis. These models can detect severe cases that would be easily detected by any specialists. However the previously developed methods are not accurate enough to detect the early-stage manifestations. The method now being developed aims for—in particular—early detection from X-rays, for which there is a great need."

The goal is that in the future, an AI would be able to detect early signs of knee osteoarthritis from X-rays, making it possible for the initial diagnosis to be made more often by general practitioners.

The project was carried out in collaboration with the Central Finland Health Care District. CEO for Central Finland Health Care district and professor of surgery Juha Paloneva says that early stage osteoarthritis can be effectively treated.

"If we can make the diagnosis in the early stages, we can avoid uncertainty and expensive examinations such as MRI scanning. In addition, the patient can be motivated to take the measures to slow down or even stop the progression of the symptomatic osteoarthritis. In the best possible scenario, the patient might even avoid joint replacement surgery," Paloneva summarizes.

The work is published in the journal Diagnostics.