What can apple cider vinegar really do for your health?
Apple cider vinegar has been used for everything from flavoring salad dressings to cleaning toilets, washing windows and unclogging drains.
14 hours ago
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Apple cider vinegar has been used for everything from flavoring salad dressings to cleaning toilets, washing windows and unclogging drains.
14 hours ago
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Hopes were high a decade ago, when a new class of drugs called BET inhibitors emerged for treating blood cancers and solid tumors. Since then, however, results from numerous clinical trials have painted a much more complex ...
Sep 10, 2024
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When they become fathers, men who have an unhealthy, high-cholesterol diet can cause increased risk of cardiovascular disease, or CVD, in their daughters, a University of California, Riverside-led mouse study has found.
Sep 10, 2024
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Getting out of bed and sitting on the toilet may be relatively simple tasks for many people, but they become more difficult with age. This is because of one of the many bodily changes associated with aging: our muscles shrink ...
Sep 10, 2024
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Scientists at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have used cryo-electron microscopy to generate ten structures of URAT1, a protein linked to gout. Gout is a type of arthritis caused by excess urate levels, a byproduct ...
Sep 9, 2024
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Scientists from the Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University have developed a model system that can be used to test the efficacy of drugs for fatty liver disease. It is a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture ...
Sep 9, 2024
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Ronald Rodriguez, MD, Ph.D., professor of medical education and urology at Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UT Health San Antonio), has discovered ...
Sep 9, 2024
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For the past three years, Corewell Health researchers have been studying the genetic code of the virus that causes COVID-19 to better understand how it is changing and how to avoid another pandemic. Much of the world's focus ...
Sep 9, 2024
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A team led by scientists at UGA's Odum School of Ecology has developed an algorithm that can accurately predict how a seasonal flu virus is expected to evolve. Such information may allow seasonal flu vaccines to be updated ...
Sep 9, 2024
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An acid (from the Latin acidus/acēre meaning sour) is a substance which reacts with a base. Commonly, acids can be identified as tasting sour, reacting with metals such as calcium, and bases like sodium carbonate. Aqueous acids have a pH of less than 7, where an acid of lower pH is typically stronger, and turn blue litmus paper red. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.
Common examples of acids include acetic acid (in vinegar), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (used in baking). As these three examples show, acids can be solutions, liquids, or solids. Gases such as hydrogen chloride can be acids as well. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.
There are three common definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. The Arrhenius definition states that acids are substances which increase the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is an expansion: an acid is a substance which can act as a proton donor. Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, and these two definitions are most relevant. The reason why pHs of acids are less than 7 is that the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10−7 moles per liter. Since pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydronium ions, acids thus have pHs of less than 7. By the Brønsted-Lowry definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid. Examples include alcohols and amines which contain O-H or N-H fragments.
In chemistry, the Lewis definition of acidity is frequently encountered. Lewis acids are electron-pair acceptors. Examples of Lewis acids include all metal cations, and electron-deficient molecules such as boron trifluoride and aluminium trichloride. Hydronium ions are acids according to all three definitions. Interestingly, although alcohols and amines can be Brønsted-Lowry acids as mentioned above, they can also function as Lewis bases due to the lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
This text uses material from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA