As part of a breast cancer diagnosis, pathologists take cells from a biopsy and check them under a microscope. Most cancerous cells form roundish clumps, known as no special type, or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). In fewer ...
Jul 24, 2024
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A new method developed by a research team led by Rice University's Jerzy Szablowski offers hope for treating brain disorders through gene therapy. The innovative approach could transform treatments for inherited conditions ...
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In a recent study, a Yale-led research team described for the first time a rare neurodevelopmental syndrome that begins affecting patients during infancy and typically causes developmental delays, severe seizures, cardiac ...
Jun 25, 2024
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At Mayo Clinic, the mission to solve the unsolvable is at the heart of every rare disease case. Each diagnosis is a testament to perseverance, innovation and the relentless pursuit of answers.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, encompassing esophageal, gastric, small bowel, and colorectal carcinomas, represent a significant global health burden due to their high incidence and mortality rates. A review by M. Jesús ...
Jun 18, 2024
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A two-and-a-half-year-old girl tested positive for H5N1 bird flu and needed hospital intensive care treatment in Australia after traveling to India, the World Health Organization said on Friday.
Jun 8, 2024
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Scientists from the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, and the University of Leipzig Medical Center have shown in two independent patient cohorts when a genome sequencing is beneficial in the diagnosis ...
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A new study from deCODE genetics uses pedigrees and sequence data from 64,806 Icelanders to shed light on the rate and nature of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the peculiar dynamics of its maternal transmission.
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Prostate cancer (PC) is a significant health concern, being the second leading cause of death among American men. The standard treatment for advanced PC often involves androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), yet many patients ...
May 31, 2024
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Nikolai Scherbak, docent of biology at Örebro University, has just returned to Sweden after participating in a conference in South Africa where he presented a study that increases the chances of developing a vaccine against ...
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A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology.
The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide bases of a DNA strand — adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine — covalently linked to a phosphodiester backbone. In the typical case, the sequences are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC, read left to right in the 5' to 3' direction. Short sequences of nucleotides are referred to as oligonucleotides and are used in a range of laboratory applications in molecular biology. With regard to biological function, a DNA sequence may be considered sense or antisense, and either coding or noncoding. DNA sequences can also contain "junk DNA."
Sequences can be derived from the biological raw material through a process called DNA sequencing.
In some special cases, letters besides A, T, C, and G are present in a sequence. These letters represent ambiguity. Of all the molecules sampled, there is more than one kind of nucleotide at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:
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