Researchers slow immune attack on ovaries in mice

Some cases of POI appear to result from an autoimmune response — an immune system attack on the body’s own tissues. In their mouse study, the researchers nearly halted the immune assault. They believe they were able to do this by teaching the animals' immune systems to recognize that the ovarian protein is a part of the body’s own tissues. 

The study confirms that the protein is the main target of the autoimmune attack. The ovarian protein, known as MATER, is found in the egg cell. MATER (maternal antigen that embryos require) is essential for the egg cell to divide beyond the two-cell stage after fertilization.

The study results may one day lead to a way to identify women with a high probability for developing autoimmune POI early, perhaps in time to explore fertility-sparing options such as frozen embryo storage, or freezing unfertilized eggs. POI affects about 1 percent of women under the age of 40 in the United States, according to the authors. 

Researchers can create a condition resembling autoimmune-related primary ovarian insufficiency. Early in life, the thymus teaches immune system cells called T cells to recognize the body’s own tissues. T cells that would attack the body are either destroyed in the thymus or other cells that can regulate and suppress their activity are created (A). In this study, researchers removed the thymuses of mice when they were 2 to 4 days old. As a result, T cells that would target the body’s own tissue were insufficiently regulated. The mice developed a condition resembling autoimmune-related primary ovarian insufficiency.

"Our results indicate that MATER is a primary target of the immune assault on the ovary in mice," said senior author Lawrence M. Nelson, M.D., head of the Integrative Reproductive Medicine Group at the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). "If further research confirms that MATER is a primary target of autoimmune-related POI in women, then it may be possible to develop a test to predict if a woman is likely to develop the condition."

T-cells in thymus deficient mice fail to recognize that the ovary is part of the body. The T cells instruct cells known as B-cells to make antibodies against the ovaries. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that tag molecules for later destruction by the immune system.

Dr. Nelson conducted the research with first author Noriyuki Otsuka, M.D., Zhi-Bin Tong, M.D., Konstantina Venevski, M.D., and Wei Tu, all of NICHD, and Mickie H. Cheng, M.D., of UCSF.

The findings appear online in Endocrinology.

Researchers can create a condition resembling autoimmune POI in mice by removing the animals' thymus glands when they are 2 to 4 days old. In early life, the thymus teaches the immune system to distinguish the body's own tissues from disease-causing microbes and other potentially harmful organisms and substances, Dr. Nelson explained. Molecules on the surface of the body’s cells serve as signals for the young immune cells. These molecules are called major histocompatibility complex, or MHC, proteins. In the thymus, immune system cells called T cells learn that cells covered with MHC protein complexes are part of the body — and off limits to an immune attack. T cells that might attack the MHC protein complexes are eliminated in the thymus or regulated by other cells generated in the thymus.

T-cells in thymus deficient mice fail to recognize that the ovary is part of the body. The T cells instruct cells known as B-cells to make antibodies against the ovaries. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that tag molecules for later destruction by the immune system.

T cells in the thymus-deficient mice fail to recognize that the ovary is part of the body and so unleash an immune attack on the ovary. Among the immune cells that join the attack are B cells. B cells produce proteins known as antibodies. Like miniature guided missiles, antibodies seek out proteins and bind to them, tagging them for later destruction by the immune system.

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In the thymus, T cells learn that cells covered with MHC protein complexes are part of the body—and off limits to an immune attack. The researchers altered the animals’ MHC genes so that they produced parts of MATER on the surface of their cells, along with MHC. The alteration lessened the immune attack on the ovaries.

In the mice deprived of thymus glands, T cells erroneously consider MATER to be a foreign protein and instruct B cells to make antibodies against it.

In the current study, the researchers sought to stop the immune attack on the ovaries, by reprogramming T cells. The researchers removed the thymuses of two groups of mice. In one group, the researchers altered the animals’ MHC genes so that they produced a part of MATER on the surface of their cells, along with MHC. The researchers theorized that the animals' immune systems would recognize MATER and so would fail to launch an attack against the protein.

The researchers also measured the animals' levels of antibodies to MATER and to other ovarian proteins. They detected antibodies against MATER in more than 80 percent of the mice without the MHC–MATER combination, compared with only 28 percent of the mice with the combination.

In the thymus, T cells learn that cells covered with MHC protein complexes are part of the body—and off limits to an immune attack. The researchers altered the animals’ MHC genes so that they produced parts of MATER on the surface of their cells, along with MHC. The alteration lessened the immune attack on the ovaries.

When the mice were 6 weeks old, the researchers found that 94 percent of the mice without the MATER–MHC combination had developed an immune attack on the ovaries. Among the mice with the MATER–MHC combination, 56 percent showed evidence of an immune attack against the ovaries.

Both groups of mice had antibodies to other ovarian proteins. Dr. Nelson explained that these proteins have not yet been identified.

"Our findings show that MATER is a main target of the immune attack in these mice, but not the only target," Dr. Nelson said.

Dr. Nelson added that the mouse MATER protein has a human counterpart, a protein known as NALP5. Some women with POI have antibodies to NALP5. It may be possible, Dr. Nelson said, to diagnose women at risk for the immune form of POI by testing for the NALP5 antibody.

"The hope is that we could get them into treatment early enough to consider fertility-sparing options," he said.

Similarly, Dr. Nelson said, the women could begin estrogen therapy earlier, to prevent the bone loss that often accompanies untreated POI.

Provided by National Institutes of Health