News tagged with protein synthesis
Neuroscientists find excessive protein synthesis linked to autistic-like behaviors
Autistic-like behaviors can be partially remedied by normalizing excessive levels of protein synthesis in the brain, a team of researchers has found in a study of laboratory mice. The findings, which appear in the latest ...
Autism spectrum disorders
Dec 23, 2012 |
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Researchers find controlling element of Huntington's disease
A three molecule complex may be a target for treating Huntington's disease, a genetic disorder affecting the brain. This finding by an international research team including scientists from the German Center for Neurodegenerative ...
Diseases, Conditions, Syndromes
Feb 26, 2013 |
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Hitting 'reset' in protein synthesis restores myelination, suggests new treatment for misfolded protein diseases
(Medical Xpress)—A potential new treatment strategy for patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is on the horizon, thanks to research by neuroscientists now at the University at Buffalo's Hunter James ...
Medical research
Apr 26, 2013 |
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In obesity, a micro-RNA causes metabolic problems
Scientists have identified a key molecular player in a chain of events in the body that can lead to fatty liver disease, Type II diabetes and other metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity. By blocking ...
Overweight and Obesity
Sep 20, 2012 |
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Protein synthesis blocker may hold key to reducing effects of traumatic events
Reducing fear and stress following a traumatic event could be as simple as providing a protein synthesis blocker to the brain, report a team of researchers from McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McGill University, ...
Neuroscience
Mar 04, 2013 |
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Analysis of mTOR shows how the protein works, how new generation of drugs may defeat it
Uncovering the network of genes regulated by a crucial molecule involved in cancer called mTOR, which controls protein production inside cells, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) ...
Cancer
Feb 22, 2012 |
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Researchers reveal how a single gene mutation leads to uncontrolled obesity
Researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center have revealed how a mutation in a single gene is responsible for the inability of neurons to effectively pass along appetite suppressing signals from the body to the right ...
Genetics
Mar 18, 2012 |
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Human microbe study provides insight into health, disease
Microbes from the human mouth are telling Oak Ridge National Laboratory scientists something about periodontitis and more after they cracked the genetic code of bacteria linked to the condition.
Medical research
Mar 18, 2013 |
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Researchers uncover previously unknown mechanism of memory formation
(Medical Xpress)—It takes a lot to make a memory. New proteins have to be synthesized, neuron structures altered. While some of these memory-building mechanisms are known, many are not. Some recent studies have indicated ...
Neuroscience
Jan 30, 2013 |
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Neuroscientists find promise in addressing Fragile X afflictions
Neuroscientists at New York University have devised a method that has reduced several afflictions associated with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) in laboratory mice. Their findings, which are reported in the journal Neuron, offer ...
Medical research
Sep 19, 2012 |
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Researchers develop procedure for reducing fear response in sleeping mice
(Medical Xpress)—Researchers at Stanford University have developed a procedure that reduces a fear response in mice. It involves, team lead Asya Rolls said as she presented the groups' findings at this year's ...
Neuroscience
Oct 19, 2012 |
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Whitehead scientists identify major flaw in standard approach to global gene expression analysis
Whitehead Institute researchers report that common assumptions employed in the generation and interpretation of data from global gene expression analyses can lead to seriously flawed conclusions about gene activity and cell ...
Genetics
Oct 25, 2012 |
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Researchers uncover toxic interaction in neurons that leads to dementia and ALS
Researchers at Mayo Clinic in Florida have uncovered a toxic cellular process by which a protein that maintains the health of neurons becomes deficient and can lead to dementia. The findings shed new light on the link between ...
Medical research
Dec 10, 2012 |
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Researchers identify protein necessary for behavioral flexibility
Researchers have identified a protein necessary to maintain behavioral flexibility, which allows us to modify our behaviors to adjust to circumstances that are similar, but not identical, to previous experiences. Their findings, ...
Medical research
May 24, 2012 |
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Light switch added to gene tool opens new view of cell development
University of Oregon scientists collaborating with an Oregon company that synthesizes antisense Morpholinos for genetic research have developed a UV light-activated on-off switch for the vital gene-blocking ...
Genetics
Apr 04, 2012 |
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Protein biosynthesis
Protein synthesis is the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription of nuclear DNA into messenger RNA which is then used as input to translation.
The cistron DNA is transcribed into a variety of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Proteins can often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. When a protein is harmful and needs to be available on short notice or in large quantities, a protein precursor is produced. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes; i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum.. Preproproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present.
For synthesis of protein, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids have to be brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through their anti-codons with each of its successive codons. The amino acids then have to be linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, relieved of their burdens, have to be released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by a giant multimolecular machine, the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. This molecular juggernaut latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and then trundles along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and stitching together the amino acids they carry to form a new protein chain.
Protein biosynthesis, although very similar, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
For more information about Protein biosynthesis, read the full article at
Wikipedia.
This text uses material from Wikipedia and is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.
