Mechanical ventilation as aggravating factor in lung failure

Mechanical ventilation can contribute to lung damage by inducing rapid changes in oxygen levels. Researchers at the Medical University of Vienna are now conducting studies for the first time into the significance of these changes as aggravating factors in lung failure.

Many severely ill patients suffer acute respiratory failure in intensive care units (ICUs). These patients have great difficulty in breathing, their blood oxygen level drops sharply and the carbon dioxide level rises. In order to stabilise this dysfunctional gas exchange, doctors employ mechanical ventilation. "But that can result in something like a vicious cycle", explains Klaus Ulrich Klein from the Medical University of Vienna. According to this anaesthetist, mechanical ventilation can exacerbate damage to the lungs, sometimes triggering dire consequences such as prolonging the patient's stay in the ICU, cognitive dysfunctions or remote organ injury.

Significance of rapid changes still unclear

Mechanical stress exercised on the lung leads, inter alia, to rapid partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) changes in the lung. While familiar for a long time, this phenomenon has only recently become the subject of clinical research. It is still unclear, however, in what way these oscillations contribute to respiratory distress. "We assume that rapid PO2 changes induce the generation of free oxygen radicals and local inflammation reactions in the lung and thus constitute an additional root cause for lung damage during mechanical ventilation", comments Klein. In a basic-research project funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, a team headed by Klein is now looking into the underlying mechanisms and signalling paths triggered by rapid PO2 changes in the lungs. The anaesthetist underlines the significance of this line of research, explaining that free oxygen radicals generally play an important role in the genesis of pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and age-associated disease. Currently, the scientists are looking particularly into strategies that will allow them to optimise the ventilation settings for each individual case so as to minimise lung damage.

Experiments with cells and substances

In order to analyse the impact of oxygen changes on lung cells, the research group at the Medical University of Vienna started out by developing a novel cell-culture system (bioreactor) that compares the effects of constant and rapidly fluctuating PO2 concentrations on pulmonary function. Additional control experiments investigate the contributory factors of different types of cells in a lung damaged by PO2 changes and the effect of classical substances. "We use substances that reduce the generation of free oxygen radicals or the release of inflammation mediators", specifies team leader Klaus Ulrich Klein. In a forthcoming step, the researchers are going to translate the results obtained in cell cultures to an ex-vivo level by exposing isolated pig lungs to different PO2 concentrations.