Study shows an association between sleep apnea and brain volume

Studies have shown that sleep apnea is related to an increased risk of dementia. A new study looks at the relationship between sleep apnea and brain volume. The study is published in the May 31, 2023, online issue of Neurology.

The study compared people who have the amyloid plaques in the brain that are an early sign of Alzheimer's disease but do not have any memory problems to people with no amyloid plaques.

"We found that people with amyloid plaques who had more severe sleep apneas also were more likely to have lower volumes in the medial temporal lobe area of the brain, including the hippocampus, which plays a role in memory and Alzheimer's disease," said study author Geraldine Rauchs, Ph.D., of Inserm in Caen, France. "The people who did not have amyloid plaques did not have this lower brain volume, even if they had severe sleep apneas."

The study does not prove that sleep apnea causes lower brain volume; it only shows an association.

The study involved 122 people with an average age of 69 who did not have memory problems. A total of 26 people had amyloid plaques in their brains. Participants had brain scans, took tests of their memory and had an overnight sleep study done in their homes. The memory tests were repeated after an average of 21 months.

In the people with amyloid plaques, having more severe sleep apneas was associated with having lower brain volume in the medial temporal lobe area of the brain which may suggest loss of brain cells. This connection was not found in people who did not have amyloid plaques.

"Our results suggest that some people may be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of sleep apnea," Rauchs said. "People who are in the very early stages of the Alzheimer's continuum showed a specific vulnerability to sleep apneas. Further studies should look at whether treating sleep-disordered breathing could potentially improve cognition and prevent or delay neurodegeneration."

In the whole group, lower volumes in the hippocampus at the beginning of the study were associated with lower scores on a test of episodic memory at the end of the study.

There were no associations between sleep apneas at the beginning of the study and memory scores at the end of the study.

A limitation of the study was that the same version of the verbal learning test was given at the start and end of the study, so it's possible that some memory decline may have been minimized due to familiarity with the test.